CERN Scientists Claim Discovery of New Particles

BERLIN—

A new kind of subatomic particle called the pentaquark has been detected for the first time, the European Organization for Nuclear Research said Tuesday.

The lab, known by its French acronym CERN, said the findings were made by a team of scientists working on one of the four experiments at its Large Hadron Collider. Their results have been submitted to the journal Physical Review Letters.

The existence of pentaquarks was first proposed in the 1960s by American physicists Murray Gell-Mann and Georg Zweig. Gell-Mann, who coined the term “quark,” received the Nobel Prize in 1969.

Guy Wilkinson, a spokesman for the LHCb experiment team, said studying pentaquarks may help scientists to better understand “how ordinary matter, the protons and neutrons from which we're all made, is constituted.”

“This seems to be [a] very significant observation,” said Anton Andronic, a physicist based at the Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany, who wasn't involved in the LHCb experiment. “But like any discovery it will have to be confirmed by an independent measurement.”

Previous claims to the detection of pentaquarks have been refuted.

The discovery, if verified, would be the second major find at the Large Hadron Collider, which is used by physicists from around the world. The collider was instrumental in the discovery of the Higgs boson, a subatomic particle that had long been theorized but never confirmed until 2013.

The collider is housed in a 27-kilometer (16.8-mile) tunnel beneath the Swiss-French border near Geneva. It was recently given a $150 million upgrade that allows atoms to be smashed together with even greater force.

CERN likened previous attempts to prove the existence of pentaquarks to looking for silhouettes in the dark, “whereas LHCb conducted the search with the lights on, and from all angles.”

reference:

http://www.voanews.com/content/ap-cern-discovery-pentaquark-particles/2861249.html

Pluto Up Close: Spacecraft Achieves Flyby, Then Calls Home

CAPE CANAVERAL, FLA. —

             NASA's New Horizons spacecraft got humanity's first up-close look at Pluto on Tuesday, sending word of its triumph across 3 billion miles to scientists waiting breathlessly back home.

Confirmation of mission success came 13 hours after the actual flyby and, after a day of both jubilation and tension, allowed the New Horizons team to finally celebrate in full force.

"This is a tremendous moment in human history,'' John Grunsfeld, NASA's science mission chief, said at a news conference.

Principal scientist Alan Stern asked the entire New Horizons team in the audience to stand: "We did it! Take a bow!''

The unprecedented encounter was the last stop on NASA's grand tour of our solar-system's planets over the past half-century. The journey began 9 years ago, back when Pluto was still considered a full-fledged planet.

Tuesday morning, a cheering, flag-waving celebration swept over the mission operations center in Maryland at the time of closest approach. But until New Horizons phoned home Tuesday night, there was no guarantee the spacecraft had buzzed the small, icy, faraway — but no longer unknown — world.

NASA said the spacecraft — the size of a baby grand piano — swept to within 7,700 miles of Pluto at 31,000 mph. It was programmed to then go past the dwarf planet and begin studying its far side.

To commemorate the moment of closest approach, scientists released the best picture yet of Pluto, taken on the eve of the flyby.

More to come

Even better images will start "raining'' down on Earth beginning Wednesday, promised principal scientist Alan Stern. But he had cautioned everyone to "stay tuned'' until New Horizons contacted home.

It takes 4 hours for signals to travel one-way between New Horizons and Earth. The message went out late in the afternoon during a brief break in the spacecraft's data-gathering frenzy. The New Horizons team kept up a confirmation countdown, noting via Twitter when the signal should have passed the halfway point, then Jupiter's orbit.

The uncertainty added to the drama. "This is true exploration,'' cautioned Stern, a Southwest Research Institute planetary scientist.

Among the possible dangers: cosmic debris that could destroy the mission. But with the chances of a problem considered extremely low, scientists and hundreds of others assembled at Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory erupted in jubilation when the moment of closest approach occurred at 7:49 a.m. EDT. The lab is the spacecraft's developer and manager.

The scene repeated itself a little before 9 p.m. EDT.

This time, the flight control room was packed compared with earlier, when it was empty because New Horizons was out of touch and operating on autopilot.

'A healthy spacecraft'

"We have a healthy spacecraft,'' announced mission operations director Alice Bowman. She was drowned out by cheers and applause; Stern ran over to give her a hug.

Later, Grunsfeld told reporters, "The spacecraft is full of images. We can't wait. We've opened up a new realm of the solar system.''

Added NASA Administrator Charles Bolden: "What a phenomenal day.''

Joining in the daylong hoopla were the two children of the American astronomer who discovered Pluto in 1930, Clyde Tombaugh. (Some of his ashes are aboard the spacecraft.)

Other celestial-minded VIPs included James Christy, discoverer of Pluto's big moon Charon, and Sylvia Kuiper des Tombe, daughter of Dutch-American Gerard Kuiper for whom the mysterious zone surrounding Pluto is named. Some Pluto Children — born Jan. 19, 2006, the very day New Horizons departed Earth — also were in the audience.

Congratulations pouring in

Throughout the day — coincidentally the 50th anniversary of the first close-up pictures of Mars from Mariner 4 — the White House and Congress offered congratulations, and physicist Stephen Hawking was among the scientists weighing in. President Barack Obama sent his best Tuesday night with a tweet: "Pluto just had its first visitor!''

 "Hey, people of the world! Are you paying attention?'' planetary scientist Carolyn Porco, part of the New Horizons' imaging team, said on Twitter. "We have reached Pluto. We are exploring the hinterlands of the solar system. Rejoice!''

The U.S. is now the only nation to visit every planet in the solar system. Pluto was No. 9 in the lineup when New Horizons left Cape Canaveral, Florida, but was demoted seven months later to dwarf status.

Scientists in charge of the $720 million mission hope the new observations will restore Pluto's honor.

Stern and other so-called plutophiles posed for the cameras giving nine-fingers-up "Pluto Salute.'' And in a nod to that other Pluto, a team member carried a yellow stuffed dog on her shoulder Tuesday night.

The picture of Pluto taken Monday showed a frozen, pockmarked world, peach-colored with a heart-shaped bright spot and darker areas around the equator. It drew oohs and aahs.

 "To see Pluto be revealed just before our eyes, it's just fantastic,'' said Bowman.

The Hubble Space Telescope had offered up the best pre-New Horizons pictures of Pluto, but they were essentially pixelated blobs of light.

Flight controllers held off on having New Horizons send back flyby photos until well after the maneuver was complete; they wanted the seven science instruments to take full advantage of the encounter. After turning toward Earth to send down a snippet of engineering data acknowledging everything was fine, the spacecraft was going to get right back to science work.

New Horizons is also expected to beam back photos of Pluto's big moon, Charon, and observe its four little moons. It will take until late 2016 for all the data to reach Earth.

New Horizons already has confirmed that Pluto is, indeed, the King of the Kuiper Belt. New measurements it made show that Pluto is 1,473 miles in diameter, or about 50 miles bigger than estimated.

That's still puny by solar-system standards. Pluto is just two-thirds the size of Earth's moon. But it is big enough to be the largest object in the Kuiper Belt, a zone rife with comets and tens of thousands of other small bodies.

Stern and his colleagues wasted no time pressing the U.S. Postal Service for a new stamp of Pluto.

The last one, issued in 1991, consisted of an artist's rendering of the faraway world and the words: "Pluto Not Yet Explored.'' The words "not yet'' were crossed out in a poster held high Tuesday for the cameras.

 reference : 

http://www.voanews.com/content/us-space-probe-to-make-historic-rendezvous-with-frozen-planet-pluto/2860911.html

Information Technology and Development of its Numerous Aspects

             info technology provides background knowledge concerning major info technology parts : hardware and software, networks, and information. these days nearly all sorts of organizations are increasingly dependent on info technologies for achieving their strategic and operational objectives. in the past decade, enterprise systems are broader offer secure, electronic connection with vendors and buyers, and the net has turned out to be a mainstream channel for communications and business transactions. 

             being a regular user of numerous laptop and communication devices, you are most likely already cognizant of a number of the innovations in laptop systems and networks who have been introduced with tinnitus vendors in the past few years. the extremely fast technological amendment causes it to be hard to correctly guess the it innovations that will just be winners tomorrow-and significant mispredictions concerning technologies are general within the whole past. but, it appears safe to firmly predict that laptop and communication devices can proceed to bit nearly each aspect in our lives. 

            microcomputer technology was offered as early like the nineteen seventies, and therefore the introduction of one's 1st ibm pc in 1981 was starting of'>the grass roots of desktop computing. these days, desktop and portable computers, tablets created by manufacturers all over the world became commodity product with excessive processing power that's equivalent to firmly an organizations entire computing center of one's 1960s. the typical laptop, laptop or tablets for people to utilise these days has graphical icons, point-and-click and/or bit screen navigation, and preloaded software to firmly access the internet-all on a cheaper worth than what are the same features would have cost 12 months earlier, with higher laptop virus protection. the features like ; portability and wireless capabilities, light-weight laptop, notebook and pill computers are being additional necessary and are replacing larger desktop machines in offices these days. they actually might well be carried into conferences, taken on business trips, and used at home to firmly remotely connect to firmly office systems. 

            smaller devices have too continued to develop in functionality and became indispensable tools to firmly access e-mail and different applications within and outside of one's office, by the factory floor, and even as in hospital premises. in mid-2007, apple laptop began selling a fresh smartphone ( iphone ) with bit screen navigation and scrolling, and simplified calling from an address book, email and text messaging, visual voice mail, video taking part in, and web browsing via wifi connectivity. since that very day, different it manufacturers are developing several different thinner devices like ; smartphones with similar features, and apple has introduced a light-weight notebook laptop ( the ipad ) utilizing a similar interface. 

         denor linen is an it analyst, operating with sagenext infotech. sagenext infotech could be a leading quickbooks hosting provider in conjunction with dealing altogether sorts of tax and accounting application hosting. sagenext happens to be the cheapest quickbooks hosting by providing the glorious service. By Denor Linen

Benefits of Education from an Online High School

                   Whether you are an adult who never completed your primary education or the parent of a child in need of special attention and flexibility, getting a diploma from an online high school may be the right choice for you. With this option, you will have a number of benefits. You will be able to take control of your education. You can learn everything you would be taught in a classroom in the comfort of your own home. You can take charge of the decisions that you make and the path that you will take during your education.

                 An online high school can offer an array of advantages. Mostly, you will have complete control over your education. You will have the ability to study your own assignments at your own pace. You can focus on the assignments that may take you a bit longer to complete, while easily and quickly going through assignments that are easier for you. The flexibility on education on the Internet is unmatched. Most programs allow you attend your virtual class at any time of the day, so you can work around your busy schedule. Many people that take classes on the Internet have busy schedules and often full time jobs. This form of education will allow you to work on your own terms and on your own time.

              Traditional education for many people means more than just learning. When getting your diploma on the Internet, you can avoid the distractions that come along with the traditional classroom. You won’t have to deal with the cliques and other distracting students while you work on your own time. You can study when you want and where you want. Plus, many times a teacher in a traditional classroom just cannot spend extra time during class time helping each individual student with his or her own specific problems. When working within the online high school, if you do not understand a particular topic, you can take your time and pace yourself to gain a better understanding of the subject.

              Whether you are an adult with a full-time job, and you want to move up in the world, or you think that your child would benefit from the pacing and attention involved in an online high school, this educational choice may be the one for you. There are a variety of options out there, so do some research and find out which one will work best for your circumstances.

reference :

 https://amienkim.wordpress.com/2014/01/25/articles-about-education/

Batik is Indonesian’s national heritage

Our Legacy

           Batik is Indonesian’s national heritage. Other nations have cloths that look like Batik. However, on October 2, 2009, UNESCO declared that batik originates in Indonesia. UNESCO also proclaimed Indonesian batik a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In brief, batik serves as our national indentify, and it is, indeed, our legacy.

           Batik, our beautiful Indonesian traitional cloth, has been part of Indonesian life. Mothers use a batik sling when they carry their infant. Men and women wear batik clothes at receptions, ceremonies, and other formal and social events. They also use batik as casual wear at home and at places for recreation. When a person dies, people cover him or her with batik with funerary motifs. In addition, people use batik for home furnishing such as bed sheets and covers, upholstery, and tablecloths. Bags, shoes, hats, and other accessories also often use batik patterns. All in all, batik has a rich symbolism related ti Indonesian society, nature, hostory, and culture.

Referensi : Buku Siswa LIA Elementary 4

TYPES OF COMPUTER

                Analog computer is a term used to describe a computing tool works on the analog level. Level analog here is the opposite (dual) of the digital level, which is the digital level voltage levels 'high' (high) and 'low' (low), which is used in the implementation of a binary number. Fundamentally, the electronic components are used as the core of the analog computer is op-amp (operational amplifier).

              digital is computer computer machine created to process the quantitative data in the form of numbers, letters, punctuation, and others. implemented based on technology that converts the signal into a combination of the numbers 0 and 1.

              Is the result of technology that converts the signal into a combination of sequence numbers 0 and 1 (also called binary) to process information easily, quickly and accurately. The signal is called a bit. The digital signal has a range of unique features that can not be found on analog technology, namely: 1. Able to transmit information at the speed of light that can make the information can be transmitted at high speed. 2. Repeated use of the information does not affect the quality and quantity of the information itself, 3. Information can be easily processed and modified into various forms, 4. Can process information in very large numbers and sent them interactively. 

            Computers process data is digitally, through electrical signals it receives or sends. In principle, the computer only recognizes two currents, ie on or off, or terms in the figure are also known as 1 (one) or 0 (zero). 

             The combination of the current on or off is what makes a computer capable of doing many things, both in introducing letters, images, sounds, and even interesting films that you watch in a digital format.

            hybrid computer is a type of computer that is destined for processing the data that are both quantitative and qualitative, or with other terms combining digital with analog capability. In other words, the quantitative data is processed to produce data qualitative and vice versa.

reference :

 http://wirmanvalkinz.blogspot.com/2013/09/kumpulan-artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang.html

Virtual Worlds are Useful for Children

             A research report says that virtual worlds can be important places where children practice what they will do in real life. They are also a powerful and attractive alternative to more passive adventures like watching TV. The research was done with children using the BBC’s Adventure Rock virtual world, aimed at those aged 6-12. It surveyed and interviewed children who were the first to test the game.

           The online world is a theme island built for the BBC’s children channel by Belgian game maker Larian. Children explore the world alone but they use message boards to share what they find and what they do in the different creative studios they find around the virtual space.

           At times children were explorers and at others they were social climbers eager to connect with other players. Some were power users looking for more information about how the virtual space really worked. The children could try all kinds of things without having to be afraid of the consequences that would follow if they tried them in the real world. They learned many useful social skills and played around with their identity in ways that would be much more difficult in real life. According to the study what children liked about virtual worlds was the chance to create content such as music, cartoons and videos.

         The publishers of the report say that virtual worlds can be a powerful, engaging and real interactive alternative to more passive media. They urged creators of virtual spaces for children to get young people involved very early on because they really do have good ideas to add and they are very good critical friends.

reference :

 https://amienkim.wordpress.com/2014/01/25/articles-about-education/

History-making Solar Airplane Grounded Until 2016

              

               The Switzerland-based team attempting to fly a solar-powered plane around the world says the flight has been suspended until next April because of irreparable damage to its batteries.

The team says the batteries on the Solar Impulse 2overheated during its five-day flight from Nagoya, Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii on June 30. The team says it did not anticipate the effect rapid altitude changes in a tropical climate would have on battery temperature.

                Pilot Andre Borschberg landed the Solar Impulse 2 near Honolulu on July 3, after traveling a record-breaking 118 hours across the Pacific Ocean. It was the riskiest leg of its 35,000-kilometer trip around the world because there was no place to land in an emergency.

The plane will be housed in a hangar owned by the University of Hawaii while undergoing repairs and tests on other cooling and heating methods for very long flights.

               When the flight resumes, Solar Impulse 2 will fly across the continental U.S. to New York, before crossing the Atlantic Ocean to Europe or North Africa before arriving back in Abu Dhabi, where the flight originated back in March.

               The carbon fiber single-seat Solar Impulse 2 has a 72-meter wingspan, which is longer than the wingspan of a Boeing 747, and weighs about as much as an automobile. The 17,000 solar cells built into the wings harness the sun's energy and charge onboard batteries.

               The project is the brainchild of Borschberg and fellow Swiss aviator Bertrand Piccard, who are alternating each leg of the historic flight. The duo say they are aiming to demonstrate that alternative energy sources and new technologies can achieve what some consider impossible.

reference :

http://www.voanews.com/content/history-making-solar-plane-grounded-until-2016/2862760.html

New Dinosaur Called 'Fluffy Feathered Poodle From Hell

WASHINGTON

Scientists have unearthed a spectacularly preserved, nearly complete fossil in northeastern China of a feathered dinosaur with wings like those of a bird, although they doubt the strange creature could fly.

The researchers on Thursday said the fast-running meat-eater was about six feet (1.8 meters) long and covered with simple hair-like feathers over much of its body, with large, quill-like feathers on its wings and long tail.

The largest-known dinosaur with wings, it lived about 125 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period. Considering its mouth full of sharp teeth and its overall oddness, University of Edinburgh paleontologist Steve Brusatte dubbed the dinosaur, named Zhenyuanlong suni, a "fluffy feathered poodle from hell."

A member of a group of dinosaurs called raptors closely related to birds, it was a cousin of Velociraptor, although that dinosaur, featured inaccurately in the "Jurassic Park" films as much bigger than it was, lived about 40-50 million years later.

"Zhenyuanlong was a dinosaur that really looked like a bird," said Brusatte, who collaborated with Chinese paleontologist Junchang Lu. "You wouldn't think of it differently than a turkey or an emu or a big chicken."

In their form and shape, its wings looked like those of a modern bird like an eagle or vulture.

"If you saw this wing on its own, you would probably think that Zhenyuanlong could fly. But it's a fairly big raptor, and its arms are so short in proportion to its body, that I have a hard time believing that it could fly or glide or do anything in the air," Brusatte said.

More likely, Brusatte said, Zhenyuanlong used its wings for display the way a peacock uses its tail feathers to attract mates and intimidate rivals. Another possibility is using the wings to brood eggs in the nest, Brusatte said.

Brusatte said finding a dinosaur with traits like Zhenyuanlong's raises questions about why wings evolved in the first place.

"Did they evolve specifically for flight? In that case, Zhenyuanlong perhaps descended from a flying ancestor and that's why it still has wings. Or, alternatively, did wings first evolve for display or egg brooding or some other type of function, and then only in some dinosaurs were they later co-opted into airfoils for gliding and flying?"

Birds evolved from small feathered dinosaurs. The oldest-known bird, crow-sized Archaeopteryx, lived about 150 million years ago.

The research was published in the journal Scientific Reports.

reference :

http://www.voanews.com/content/new-dinosaur-called-zhenyuanlong-suni-china/2865979.html

Google Hires SEO Expert To Boost Google Links

              It might be the world's biggest search engine, but even Google needs some expert help to gets its own links featured prominently.

              It is hiring a search engine optimisation (SEO) expert to drive "organic traffic and business growth" to help it rank highly on various search engines - including its own.

              Given its huge market share, it is risky for the company to simply tweak its own search algorithms so that its links automatically appear above others - due to the possibility of antitrust complaints. 

               As a result, it's looking to hire someone to "take part in website development and optimisation, help shape blog and social strategy, and improve website code hygiene".  Those applying need to have a degree in computer science and possess "excellent problem solving skills".

                 Google is already facing antitrust charges from the EU where Expedia, Yelp and others say it has abused its position as market leader to distort web results to favour its own shopping service.

Tech watchers say that by hiring an SEO manager it is showing that its keen to legitimately boost its links, rather than giving its own services a built-in edge over rivals.

 reference :

http://news.sky.com/story/1520093/google-hires-seo-expert-to-boost-google-links

HOW TO WORK COMPUTER

Memory

In this system, memory is a numbered sequence of bytes (such as "cell" or "pigeon holes"), each containing a small piece of information. This information may be a command to tell the computer what to do. Cell may contain data which is necessary for the computer to perform a command. Each slot may contain one, and what is now the data might then be perintah.Memori storing various forms of information as binary numbers. The information will not be solved in the form of binary (encoded) with a number of instructions that turn it into a number or sequence of numbers. For example: The letter F is stored as a decimal number 70 (or binary digits) using one of the methods of solving. More complex instructions could be used to store images, sound, video, and various kinds of information. The information can be stored in a single sell is called a byte.

Processing
Central Processing Unit or CPU (Central Processing Unit) role is to process the orders given by computer users, manage it with the data on the computer. Processing units or devices will also communicate with the input devices, output and storage to carry out instructions that are interrelated.

In the original von Neumann architecture, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit, and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the second unit is located in a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is usually called a CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a tool that performs basic implementation such as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of the logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the content as much as two slots for equality). At this unit done "working" real.
The control unit stores the current command is performed by a computer, instruct the ALU to carrying out and get back information (from memory) required to carry out the order, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location. This unit serves to control the reading of instructions a computer program.

Input and results

I / O allows a computer to get information from the outside world, and put his work there, it can be physical (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy). There are all sorts of tools I / O, from the familiar keyboard, monitor and disk drive, to the more unusual such as a webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so on.

Owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (convert) information of a kind to the data that can be further processed by a digital computer system. Tool output, decode the data into information that can be understood by the computer user. In this sense, a digital computer system is an example of a data processing system.

Directive
Commands discussed above are not commands like human language. Computer only has a limited number of simple commands in well-defined. Common commands that are understood most computers are "copy the contents of cell 123, and a place in the cell clone 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and place result in cell 013", and "if the contents of cell 999 are 0, the next command you in cell 345 ".

Instructions are represented as numbers in a computer - code for "copying" may be 001, for example. A set of specific commands are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people usually do not write orders for computers directly in machine language but use programming language "high level" which was later translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages ​​closely related to machine language, such as assembler (low level language), on the other hand, languages ​​like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from the actual implementation details by machine (high level language).

3. Computer parts

Computer consists of 2 major parts of the software (software) and hardware (hardware).
Hardware

   Processor or CPU as the data processing unit
   RAM memory, which store data temporarily
   Hard drive, semi-permanent storage media

 Input devices, media used to enter data to be processed by the UPS, such as mouse, keyboard, and tablet

Output devices, the media used to display the output of CPU processing, such as monitors, speakers, plotters, projectors and printer

Software

Operating system
    Basic program on the computer that connects users with computer hardware. The operating system used is Linux, Windows, and Mac OS. Operating system tasks including (but not only) set the program execution on it, coordination of input, output, processing, memory, and software installation. 

The computer program

An application is installed in accordance with its operating system

Slot on the computer

ISA / PCI slot for additional input non-graphics card

AGP / PCIe card slot for additional graphics input

IDE / SCSI / SATA, slots for hard drives / ODD

USB media input slots for plug-and-play (plug and play, meaning that devices can be connected directly to a computer and can be used).

reference :

http://wirmanvalkinz.blogspot.com/2013/09/kumpulan-artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang.html

what kind of job i want after graduate from university???

                    I am a final year student majoring in computer systems, computer systems What is it?The computer system is divided into two words, namely Systems and Computers.Definition of the system is a collection of some of the components that are interconnected between the components with one another in sequences.

                   While understanding of computer hardware is a single unit or hardware that helps people to complete a task or job that can not be solved by man. Thus, the idea Computer System itself is a collection of some of the hardware (hardware) and software (software) that are interconnected with one another in order to help people complete the work can not be done by humans. But in everyday life, Computer System itself can be interpreted as an electronic network that consists of software and hardware that perform the desired task or command by humans as accept input, process the input, store data, and displays the output in the form of information, Moreover, it can also be interpreted as elements associated with running the activities with the use of a computer.


                    Learning Computer Systems currently in great demand by people in the world. This is because many people who use computer technology and use it for things that are positive or beneficial. The computer itself is a popular technology in the current era.With computers, people can do the job and can save the results of his work (in the form of files) and can exchange information quickly with the help of a technology called the internet. With the Internet, people can exchange information from one person to another even though some people very long distances. Therefore, the computer is needed especially in the world of office.



                      after I graduated from university I want to be a computer network engineers, In this field, majoring in computer systems are required to be Able to have expertise in the design and maintenance of hardware and software for a computer network. Network Engineers usually have a college degree or higher. They may have had internships or specialty projects within the Network Design and Engineering field.There are Often entry level positions start out, with increasing responsibility and specialization as you acquire years of experience and specialty certifications.


                     Network Engineers usually promoted to senior level engineers and may focus extensively on specialty areas such as design, performance optimization or network security. Compensation for Network Engineers is excellent. Many jobs that pay above in the IT field in Network Engineering. Some Highest Paying Certifications in Information Technology are within the Networking.

Thank you

Perbedaan Simple Past Tense dan Present Perfect Tense

A. Pengantar :

Bagi yang baru saja mempelajari tenses, biasanya akan dibingungkan dengan Perbedaan Simple Past Tense dan Present Perfect Tense. Hal ini karena keduanya sama-sama berfungsi untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang sudah lewat, sehingga ketika sedang melakukan percakapan kadang akan bingung untuk memilih menggunakan simple past tense atau present perfect tense.

B. Perbedaan :

Baiklah, sekarang kita akan mengkaji beberapa perbedaan simple past tense dan present perfect tense dengan melihat beberapa faktor:

1.Pengertian.
Simple past tense adalah suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menunjukkan apakah pekerjaan tersebut telah atau sedang dikerjakan.
Present perfect tense adalah suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang telah dikerjakan pada waktu yang belum lama atau jika sudah lama maka ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku “pernah” melakukannya.

2.Waktu.
Keterangan waktu yang digunakan Simple past tense adalah masa lampau yang lebih spesifik, seperti: last week, yesterday, at 9 pm last night dan lain sebagainya. Artinya masa pada suatu periode (hari, minggu, bulan dan lain-lain) sudah berakhir.
Contoh:
I went to Bali last last year (Aku pergi ke Bali tahun lalu). Waktu yang digunakan adalah tahun lalu (misal tahun 2013)  yang tentunya sudah berakhir karena sekarang sudah tahun 2014.
Sementara Perfect perfect tense tidak bisa menggunakan keterangan waktu lampau karena bentuknya present namun masih memungkinkan untuk menggunakan masa yang telah lewat tapi masih dalam periode yang sama. Misalnya minggu ini, hari ini dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
I have sent the email this week (Aku sudah mengirim email minggu ini).

3.Modus Akitifitas. Simple past tense hanya digunakan untuk suatu aktifitas yang terjadi pada masa lampau dengan waktu yang spesifik tanpa ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaannya pada waktu itu sedang atau telah dikerjakan.
Contoh:
I called you at 7 a.m yesterday, but you did not pick the phone up (Aku menelponmu pada pukul 7 kemarin pagi tapi kamu tidak mengangkatnya).
Sementara Present perfect tense selain bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai, ia juga bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas pada masa lalu dengan maksud ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku pernah melakukan pekerjaan tersebut pada waktu yang tidak spesifik.
Contoh:
I have ever gone to Bali with my family (Aku sudah pernah pergi ke Bali).
Have we met in this place before? (Apakah kita pernah bertemu di sini sebelumnya?)

4.Akibat yang ditimbulkan.
Present perfect tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa aktifitasnya baru saja dikerjakan, sehingga akibat yang ditimbulkan masih bisa dirasakan.
Contoh: Be careful with that door, I have just painted it (hati-hati dengan pintunya, aku baru saja mengecetnya). Artinya karena baru saja dampak dari pengecetan yang baru saja dilakukan, catnya masih basah.
Sementara simple past tense dampaknya sudah tidak terlalu dirasakan karena sudah lampau.
Contoh: I played football yesterday (aku kemarin bermain bola). Artinya karena sudah kemarin, maka aku sudah tidak begitu merasakan capeknya bermain bola.

Demikianlah penjelasan tentang perbedaan simple past tense dan present perfect tense dilihat dari berbagai segi. Semoga bermanfaat. Jika Anda menyukai artikel ini, mohon like, twit atau meninggalkan komentar di bawah ini. Terima kasih.

sumber: http://inggrisonline.com/perbedaan-simple-past-tense-dan-present-perfect-tense/

Adjective Clause

Pengertian Adjective Clause

Adjective clause atau relative clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menjelaskan noun atau pronoun pada main clause dari suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause).

Posisi adjective clause selalu mengikuti noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Di dalam kalimat,noun atau pronoun itu berfungsi sebagai subject atau object. Adjective clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut relative pronoun (who, whom, that, which, whose, etc) yang berfungsi menjembatani hubungan dengan noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya.

Contoh Adjective Clause pada Complex Sentence:

Simple Sentence	Complex Sentence	Keterangan
The book is interesting.	The bookthat he has read is interesting.	The book: noun (phrase), that: relative pronoun, that he has read:adjective clause yang menjelaskan the book. Merupakan klausa karena terdiri dari subject (he) dan verb (has read) dan merupakan adjective clausekarena menjelaskan noun.

Rumus Adjective Clause

Complex Sentence:

Independent Clause + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause:

Relative Pronoun +/- S*+V

Keterangan: *Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagai subject jika tidak adasubject.

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause

Beberapa fungsi relative pronoun di dalam adjective clause.

Fungsi	Relative Pronoun	Contoh Adjective Clause	Pembuktian
Subject	who, that, which	that was made of cheddar cheese.	coba substitusi dengan “It” (subjective personal pronoun)
Object*	whom, that, which, who	which I want to buy	coba substitusi dengan “it” (objective personal pronoun)
Possessive	whose	whose house has burned down	coba substitusi dengan “his” (possessive personal pronoun)

*Dapat dihilangkan pada defining relative clause.

Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adjective Clause

Saat menerangkan subject, posisi adjective clause akan berada di tengah kalimat. Klausa tersebut dapat diapit koma ataupun tidak, tergantung pada penting atau tidaknya informasi yang dibawanya. Informasi tersebut dinilai penting (essential/restrictive) jika akan mengubah makna kalimat jika dihilangkan. Pada situasi tersebut, koma tidak digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi penting tersebut dinamakan defining clause. Sebaliknya, jika informasi tidak penting (non-essential/non-restrictive) sehingga dapat dihilangkan tanpa merubah makna kalimat, maka koma perlu digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi tidak penting tersebut dinamakan non-defining clause.

Contoh Complex Sentence:

Essential: People who chew well may have healthy digestion.

Non-essential: Yulia, who works out three times a week, has a positive body image.

Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause

Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat adjective clause.

Relative Pronoun	Contoh Kalimat Adjective Clause	Keterangan
who	He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs. (Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.)	menerangkan “man” (subject complement)
whom	The woman whom you saw last night is my sister. (Wanita yang kamu lihat tadi malam adalah saudara saya.)	menerangkan “woman” (subject kalimat)
whose	The man, whose car is antique, works as a lecturer. (The man yang punya mobil antik itu bekerja sebagai dosen.)	menerangkan “man” (subject kalimat)
which	Mueeza, which is very faithful, is my cat. (Mueeza, yang sangat setia, adalah kucing saya.)	menerangkan “Mueeza” (subject kalimat)
where (relative adverb)	Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born. (Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.)	menerangkan “city” (subject complement)
that	It is the car that I have dreamed for many years ago. (Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.)	menerangkan “car” (subject complement)

sumber :http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-adjective-clause

Simple Past Tense

Rumus Simple Past Tense, Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat

A. Pengertian Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense adalah tense yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menekankan bahwa pekerjaan tersebut telah (perfect) atau sedang (continuous) dikerjakan. Pemahaman tense ini hampir sama dengan Simple Present Tense, hanya waktunya saja yang berbeda dan sering juga digunakan dalam percakapan maupun tulisan.

B. Rumus Simple Past Tense.

Karena rumus ini simple (sederhana), maka rumusnya pun sederhana. Kita hanya memerlukan Verb-2 sebagai ciri-ciri mutlak rumus past tense. Sehingga rumus dasar kalimat verbalnya adalah: S + Verb-2. Sedangkan untuk kalimat nominal, maka kita harus membuat “to be”nya menjadi verb-2, yaitu “was dan were”. Tense ini dikatakan sederhana karena simple past tense hanya ingin memberikan informasi tentang sebuah pekerjaan yang telah terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaanya sedang atau telah dilakukan.

Bentuk	Rumus		Contoh Kalimat
+	Verbal	S + Verb-2	She killed a snake yesterday
	Nominal	S + was/were + nominal	I was there but you did not see me
–	Verbal	S + did + not + Infinitive	She did not know where to go.
	Nominal	S + was/were + not + nominal	When I was a child, I used to cry.
?	Verbal	Did + S + Infinitive	Did you take my money?
	Nominal	Was/were + S + nominal?	Was the case hard to solve?

C. Fungsi Simple Past Tense

Menunjukkan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lalu tanpa ingin menekankan pekerjaan tersebut sedang terjadi atau telah terjadi. Jika bingung dengan perbedaannya dengan present perfect tense karena sama-sama telah terjadi.

Contoh:

• I knocked on your door last night but no one came out.

(Aku mengetuk pintu rumahmu kemarin malam, tapi tidak ada seorang pun yang keluar)

• Did you tell her that I was with my another girl friend last weekend?

(Apakah kamu memberitahunya kalau aku sedang dengan pacarku yang lain weekend kemarin?)
Digunakan dalam Conditional Sentence type 2.
Contoh:

• I would invite you to go along with me if the car was not full at that time.

(Aku akan mengajakmu untuk pergi bersama kalau waktu itu mobilnya tidak penuh)

• If you did not cheat me, I would be nice to you.

(Jika kamu tidak berbohong padaku, aku akan baik padamu).
Menjadi kalimat penyela terhadap suatu pekerjaan yang sedang berlangsung pada masa lalu (past continuous tense).
Contoh:

• She came into the class when the teacher was teaching.

(Dia masuk kelas ketika guru sedang mengajar).

• Last night I almost got an accident since a cat crossed in front of my car when I was driving my car.

(Kemarin malam aku hampir kecelakaan karena seekor kucing melintas di depanku ketika aku sendan mengendarai mobilku)
Untuk menerangkan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lalu setelah kejadian lainnya selesai (berurutan atau kronologis). Kejadian pertama tersebut biasanya menggunakan past perfect tense.
Contoh:

• I had already gone out from that building before the bomb blew up.

(Aku telah keluar sebelum bomnya meledak)
She had finished her job before I came.
(Dia sudah menyelesaikan pekerjaannya sebelum aku datang)
D. Keterangan

• Simple past tense menggunakan keterangan waktu yang menunjukkan masa lampau, seperti yesterday (kemarin), last week (minggu lalu), last night (kemarin malam), one year ago (setahun yang lalu), the day before (sehari sebelum), once upon a time (pada suatu waktu).

E. Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense.
1).My mother cooked fried chicken for my birthday party last week.
(Ibuku memasak ayam goring untuk acara ultahku minggu yang lalu).
2).I tried to call you yesterday, but no one picked up my phone.
(Aku mencoba menghubungimu kemarin, tapi tidak seorang pun yang mengangkat telphon).
3).Jokowi won the president election several months ago.
(Jokowi memenangkan pemilihan president beberapa tahun yang lalu).
4).My smartphone was the fastest loading among others.
(smartphoneku dulu adalah yang paling tercepat loadingnya di antara yang lainnya).
5).She did not go to school yesterday because since three days ago she has been sick.
(Dia kemarin tidak masuk sekolah karena sejak 3 hari yang lalu dia sakit.
6).Many of life’s failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up (Kebanyakan yang gagal dalam hidup adalah mereka yang tidak sadar seberapa dekat mereka dengan kesuksesan ketika mereka menyerah).
7).I wonder why you did not take the scholarship to study abroad.
(Aku heran mengapa kamu tidak mengambil beasiswa untuk belajar ke luar negeri).
8).Were you so sleepy last night that you left the show before it’s over?
(Apakah kamu begitu mengantuk hingga kamu meninggalkan pertunjukkan sebelum selesai?)
9).I would wait for you if I was not in hurry to catch my flight.
(Aku akan menunggumu jika aku tidak sedang terburu-buru mengejar pesawat).
10).The weather was not good enough to play football yesterday.
(Cuacanya tidak cukup bagus untuk bermain bola kemarin).

sumber : http://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-rumus-simple-past-tense-fungsi-dan-contoh-kalimat/